Endocrine Abstracts

Introduction: Male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is a consequence of congenital or acquired diseases that affect the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland. In HH, secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is absent or inadequate. Diagnosis during adulthood (after normal puberty) suggests an acquired etiology. Acquired hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be caused by drugs, infectious or infiltrative lesions, systemic diseases, radiation and TBI. Post-TBI neuroendocri...

Introduction: Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is one of the most common causes of secondary amenorrhea. There are three types of FHA: weight loss-related, stress-related, and exercise-related amenorrhea. The latter is fairly common among competitive athletes. Currently the Olympic Committee includes amenorrhea in the “Relative Energy Deficiency Syndrome in Sport (RED-S)”. The syndrome of RED-S refers to impaired physiological function including metabolic rat...

Introduction: Hypertriglyceridemia (hyperTG) may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and values above 1000 mg/dl are a risk factor for pancreatitis, including non-fasting measurements. The American Heart Association suggested that providers could use nonfasting triglycerides >200 mg/dl to identify hyperTG states. When an elevated result is observed, a fasting triglyceride measure may be reassessed, with exception for extreme levels (for example approximately 1000 m...

Thyroid nodules are a common clinical finding, with an estimated prevalence of palpable thyroid nodules to be approximately 5% in women and 1% in men. The clinical importance of thyroid nodules rests with the need to exclude thyroid cancer. The prevalence of malignancy reported for palpable thyroid lesions ranges from 5.0% to 6.5%. Patients with benign thyroid nodules are unlikely to suffer morbidity or mortality due to thyroid cancer. A 53 aged man presented with a 20-year hi...

Introduction: Primary Hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is a calcium metabolism disease, resulting from one or more parathyroid glands hyperfunction. Ultrasonography and Technetium Sestamibi are, nowadays, the first line imaging techniques for diagnosis. Recently, a 4-dimensional computed tomography (4D-TC) protocol has emerged, presented in the last endocrine surgery guidelines. It is a dynamic imaging exam based on the parathyroid contrast uptake pattern, whose sensitivity and spec...

Introduction: Ophthalmopathy and dermatopathy are the most frequent manifestations of Graves Disease (GD). It is also known the relation between GD and other autoimmune diseases like myasthenia gravis. Thymus hyperplasia in GD is already documented on literature but it’s mechanism is not well understood. There are two possible explanations, one related to thyrotrophin receptors stimulation present on thymus, and other related to tissue stimulation due to generalized hyper...